Mitigating Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia: The Mechanism of Action and Clinical Efficacy of Scalp Cooling Systems in Reducing Hair Loss by Inducing Vasoconstriction and Decreasing Follicular Metabolism in Patients Undergoing Cytotoxic Treatment
Scalp cooling systems are a non-invasive supportive care technology used to minimize or prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia (hair loss), a psychologically distressing side effect of many cancer treatments. The system works by circulating a chilled liquid through a cap worn before, during, and after the infusion of cytotoxic drugs, cooling the scalp to temperatures often below $22^\circ\text{C}$. This cooling achieves a dual effect: it causes vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow and the amount of drug reaching the hair follicles.
Simultaneously, the reduced temperature slows the metabolic rate of the hair follicle cells, making them less susceptible to the damaging effects of the chemotherapy agent. Clinical studies have shown significant success rates, particularly with certain drug regimens, allowing patients to retain their hair and improving their body image and mental well-being during a difficult treatment journey. Proper patient education and adherence to the cooling protocol are crucial for maximizing the system's therapeutic benefit.